1. Monday(11/30): Temperature, Thermometers, and Thermal

Expansion. HW: Read pages 338-348 and solve prob. 2, 7, 11, 13, 20,

and 31 on pages 366-367.

2. Tuesday(12/01): Heat, Thermal Energy, Heat Capacity, and Phase

Change. HW: Read pages 348-364 and solve prob. 39, 41, 51, 57, and

67 on pages 367-369.

3. Wednesday(12/02): Lab on Heat of Fusion of Ice. HW: Finish lab

calculations and write lab report (due Friday).

4. Thursday(12/03): Convection, Conduction, and Radiation of Heat.

HW: Read pages 373-387 and solve prob. 3, 9, 12, 16, 20, and 24 on

pages 388-390.

5. Friday(12/04): Review I for Chapters 12 and 13. HW: Complete All

Review Handouts for Homework.

6. Monday(12/07): Review II for Chapters 12 and 13. HW: Complete All

Review Handouts for Homework.

7. Tuesday(12/08): TEST on Chapters 12 and 13 - The Study of

Temperature and Heat. HW: Go to web-site for notes on Ch. 14&15 -

The Gas Laws, Kinetic Theory, and Thermodynamics.

1. The thermal energy of an object is the sum of the kinetic and potential

energies of the internal motion of its particles.

2. This is based on Kinetic Theory, which assumes that (i) all matter is

composed of tiny particles (atoms or molecules), and (ii) these particles

are in constant motion.

3. Heat is the thermal energy that is transferred by conduction during

particle collisions because of a difference in temperature. Since heat is a

form of energy, it is measured in Joules but can also be measured in

kilocalories (kcal) with the conversion factor being 1 kcal = 4186 Joules.

4. Temperature is a quantity proportional to the average kinetic energy

of the particles. Make sure you know the difference between heat,

temperature, and thermal energy.

5. Thermometers use some property of a substance, such as thermal

expansion, that depends on temperature, which in turn is used to

determine the direction of heat flow.

6. Two objects at the same temperature are said to be in thermal

equilibrium. This means that they will not exchange energy in the

form of heat.

7. The Celsius and Kelvin scales are widely used in scientific work.

One Kelvin is equal to one degree Celsius, and ΔT_K = ΔT_C. To change

a Celsius temperature to Kelvin use, T_K = T_C + 273.15.

8. The Kelvin (K), is named after William Thomson, Lord Kelvin (1824-

1907), British. The Celsius scale was devised by the Swedish astronomer

Anders Celsius (1704-1744) and was based on the properties of water.

9. At absolute zero, 0.0 K, or -273.15 C, matter has a minimum thermal

energy. This is regarded as the lowest temperature attainable.

10. Most solids expand when heated and contract when cooled. To

measure this this effect linearly, we use the equation ΔL = α·L_o·ΔT ,

where α is the coefficient of linear expansion. (See page 342.)

11. For volume expansion, we use the equation ΔV = β·V_o·ΔT ,

where β is the coefficient of volume expansion.  (See page 342.)

12. Each substance has its own ability to absorb and/or radiate heat.

This known as specific heat capacity, c , the quantity of heat needed

to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance 1 K. Water has one of

the highest.

13. In an isolated system, a quantity of heat, Q ,  can be exchanged

between substances but the total energy of the system is constant.

This is known as the Law of Heat Exchange,  Q_L = Q_G .

14. The quantity of heat gained or lost by any material can be calculated

using the equation, Q = m·c·(T_f -T_i) , with m = mass, c = specific heat

capacity, and (T_f -T_i) being the temperature change, ΔT.

15. The Latent Heat of Fusion is the amount of heat needed to change

1 kg of a substance from the solid to liquid state at its melting point.

16. The Latent Heat of Vaporization is the amount of heat needed to

change 1 kg of a substance from the liquid to vapor state at its boiling

point. (See page 354 for Latent Heats of Fusion and Vaporization.)

17. Heat transferred during a change in state does not produce a change

in temperature and is therefore called called "latent", which means

hidden. The equation for both phase-changing processes is  Q = mL.

18. Equilibrium vapor pressure of a substance is the pressure of the

vapor phase that is in equilibrium with the liquid phase. For a given

substance, vapor pressure depends only on temperature.

19. Relative humidity is defined as a percent, based on the ratio

(Partial pressure of water vapor)/(Equilibrium vapor pressure of

water at the existing temperature) x 100 . The Dew Point is the

temperature below which the water vapor in the air condenses.

20. Convection is the process in which heat is carried from place-to-

place by the bulk movement of a fluid.

21. Conduction is the process whereby heat is transferred directly

through a material, with bulk motion of the material playing no role

in the transfer.

22. We have materials that are good conductors of heat, metals for

example. Materials that are poor conductors, wood, glass, and plastic,

are known as thermal insulators.

23. The conduction of heat through a bar of length L can be measured

with the equation,  Q = (k·A·ΔT)t/L , with k being the thermal

conductivity, A is the cross-sectional area, T the change in temperature,

and t being the time.

24. Radiation is the process in which energy is transferred by electro-

magnetic waves. All objects simultaneously absorb and emit electro-

magnetic waves. An object that is both a perfect absorber and emitter

is called a blackbody.

25. The radiant energy, Q, emitted during a time, t, by an object whose

surface area is A, and whose Kelvin temperature is T, is given by the

Stefan-Boltzmann Law of Radiation, Q = e·σ·T⁴·A·t .

26. The constant, σ = 5.67x10^-8 J/(s·m²·K⁴) , is known as the Stefan-

Boltzmann constant, and e is the emissivity, a dimensionless number

characterizing the surface of the material. The emissivity lies between

0 and 1, with 0 for a non-emitting surface, and 1 for a perfect blackbody.

27. The law is named after Joseph Stefan (1835-1893), Slovenia, and

his University of Vienna student, Ludwig Boltzmann (1844-1906), who

was from Austria.

28. The net radiant power is the power an object emits minus the power

that it absorbs. The net radiant power emitted by an object of

temperature T located in an environment of temperature T_o, is given by

the equation, P_net = e·σ·A(T⁴ - T_o⁴).

Click Thermal Energy to view the PowerPoint.

AAPT Photo Contest

Check Answers to Handout. Side 1. Side 2.

Answers to Homework in Scrambled Format:

THE AP PHYSICS B ARCHIVES Ch.1: Physics Intro. Ch.2: Linear Motion. Ch.3: 2-Dim Motion. Ch.4&5: Newton's Laws. Ch.6: Work/Energy. Ch.7: Momentum. Ch.8&9: Rotary Motion. Ch.10: SHM. Ch.11: Fluids. Ch.12&13: Temp.&Heat. Ch.14&15: Thermodynamics. Semester Review.