1. WEDNESDAY(12/10): States of Matter, Introduction to Fluid Mechanics,

Archimedes' Principle, Pascal's Principle. HW: Read pages 341-351 and

Solve prob. 65, 67, 69, 71, 75, 77, 79, and 81 on pages 368-370.

2. THURSDAY(12/11): Bernoulli's Principle, Properties of Gases, Thermal

Expansion of Solids. HW: Read pages 352-367 and Solve prob. 82, 86,

88, 92, 94, and 95 on pages 370-371.

3. FRIDAY(12/12):  Bring all Homework Problems to Class on Monday,

NO Exceptions. They will be collected and graded as a 50 Point Quiz.

We will also begin our Semester Exam Review I. HW: Complete Review

Handout.

4. MONDAY(12/15): Review II for Semester Exam. All assigned

Homework Problems due, NO Exceptions. HW: Complete Review Handout.

5. TUESDAY(12/16): Review III for Semester Exam. Period 1 Semester

Exam. Shortened classes for Periods 2-7. HW: Study for Semester Exams.

6. WEDNESDAY(12/17): Late Start (10:30). Period 2 & 3 Semester Exams.

HW: Study for Semester Exams.

7. THURSDAY(12/18): Late Start (10:30). Period 4 & 5 Semester Exams.

HW: Study for Semester Exams.

8. FRIDAY(12/19): Late Start (10:30). Period 6 & 7 Semester Exams.

Semester Folder check (25 pts.) due, NO Exceptions, for 6th and 7th

period classes. HW: Have a Safe and Happy Holiday Break!

1. It is well-known that the four states of matter are:

a. Gases - easy to compress, particles far apart, expand to fill any

container, and repel each other.

b. Liquids - no definite shape, particles close together, and attract

each other.

c. Solids - definite volume, hard to compress, closer spacing than

liquids.

d. Plasma - charged particles in motion.

2. Most solids expand when heated and contract when cooled. To

measure this this effect linearly, we use the equation ΔL = α·L_o·ΔT ,

where α is the coefficient of linear expansion. For volume expansion,

we use the equation ΔV = β·V_o·ΔT ,where β is the coefficient of

volume expansion.  (See Table 13-2, page 361.)

4. A fluid is any material that flows and offers little resistance to

change in shape. Therefore, all liquids and gases are fluids. Fluid

mechanics is the study of fluids in motion while fluid statics is the

study of fluids at rest.

5. Fluids are described by their density, ρ, (the Greek letter Rho)

which is the ratio of mass to volume. ρ = m/V. Pure water at 4^o C has

a density of 1000 kg/m³ at STP. Using the same unit, some common

densities would be: (i) helium .179, (ii) steam .598, (iii) ice .917,

(iv) air, 1.29, (v) carbon dioxide 1.98.

6. All of the above densities can change due to variations in pressure

and temperature. We should know that STP (Standard Temperature and

Pressure) is 0.0^oC and 1.0 atm.

7. All fluids exert a force on objects partially or completely submerged

in them. This is the buoyant force. Archimedes (287-212,BC), of

Syracuse, Greece, was probably the greatest scientist of antiquity.

He discovered the method for calculating the buoyant force and

shouted, "Eureka!" as he sprang from his bath.

8. Archimedes' Principle states that the buoyant force of a fluid on a

mass submerged in it equals the weight of the fluid displaced.

The equation for buoyant force is F_B = ρVg .

9. All fluids also exert pressure, P, which equals force per unit area,

P=F/A. Combining this equation with the density equation we can easily

compute the pressure exerted by a fluid at any depth, P=ρhg.

10. The MKS unit of pressure is the N/m². This is now called the Pascal

(Pa) in honor of the French mathematician Blaise Pascal (1623-1662).

11. Some accepted values of pressure estimates are:

(a) 1 atm = 1.01x10⁵ Pa at sea level,

(b) at 10 km elevation, 1 atm = 2.8x10⁴ Pa,

(c) bottom of Pacific, 6x10⁷ Pa, (d) center of Earth, 4x10¹¹ Pa,

(e) best vacuum, 1x10^-12 Pa.

12. Pascal's Principle states that the force exerted on a fluid is

transmitted equally throughout the fluid. That is, P₁=P₂ , which means

that F₁/A₁=F₂/A₂. This leads to hydraulics, the study of forces exerted

by fluids.

13. Pressure also varies with depth of a fluid, with the absolute pressure

equal to fluid pressure, as a function of its density and height, plus

atmospheric pressure. Therefore, P_ABS= P_o + ρhg .

14. Gases exert pressure on the walls of a container due to collisions

that transfer momentum. Much of this is due to the fact that gas

particles naturally repel one another.

15. Theoretically, gas pressure is based on Kinetic Theory, which

assumes that (a) all gases are composed of tiny particles (atoms or

molecules), and (b) these particles are in constant motion.

16. Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782), Swiss, derived the principle that

bears his name, "as the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure

exerted by the fluid decreases". P + ½ρv² + ρhg = (constant) .

17. His most famous production, Hydrodynamica, was the basis for

the Kinetic Theory of Gases and also explains the phenomenon of lift.

18. An ideal gas is one that within a range of densities, temperature,

volume, and pressure have a simple relationship. This is illustrated

by the Ideal gas law, PV = nkT .

19. In the Ideal Gas Law, k = 1.38x10^-23 J/K , a constant named

after Ludwig Boltzmann (1844-1906), Austria, who developed the

branch of Physics known as Statistical Mechanics.

20. All gas laws use the absolute temperature unit, the Kelvin (K),

named after William Thomson, Lord Kelvin (1824-1907). Water

freezes at 273.15 K and boils at 373.15 K, with 0.00 K being

absolute zero.

21. When a gas is kept at constant temperature, its pressure is

inversely proportional to the volume.

This is Boyle's Law PV = k .

22. Also, when the pressure is kept constant, the volume is

directly proportional to the temperature. This is the law of

Charles and Guy-Lussac V/T = k .

23. And still, we need these steps to solve any problem in Physics:

(i) read the problem and identify the given variables

(ii) determine what you are asked to solve for

(iii) find the correct motion formula to use

(iv) use algebra to isolate the unknown

(v) substitute-in the given information and simplify.

Here are the answers to the 50 pt. Homework in scrambled format.

Click here for Your Semester Exam Review.

THE HONORS PHYSICS SEMESTER 1 ARCHIVES Ch.1: Physics Intro. Ch.2&3: Linear Motion. Ch.4&5: Forces. Ch.6: 2-Dim Motion. Ch.7: Gravitation. Ch.8: Rotary Motion. Ch.9: Momentum. Ch.10&11: Work&Energy. Ch.12: Thermal Energy. Ch.13: States of Matter. Semester Review. Ch.14&15: Waves&Sound.